Finland men's national ice hockey team
 | |
| Nickname(s) | Leijonat / Lejonen (The Lions) |
|---|---|
| Association | Finnish Ice Hockey Association |
| Head coach | Antti Pennanen |
| Assistants | Kari Lehtonen Mikko Manner Atu Selin |
| Captain | Mikael Granlund |
| Most games | Raimo Helminen (331) |
| Most points | Raimo Helminen (207) |
| Team colors | |
| IIHF code | FIN |
 | |
| Ranking | |
| Current IIHF | 3  1 (27 May 2024)[1] |
| Highest IIHF | 1 (2022) |
| Lowest IIHF | 7 (2005) |
| First international | |
Finland  1–8  Sweden(Helsinki, Finland; 29 January 1928) | |
| Biggest win | |
Finland 20–1  Norway(Hämeenlinna, Finland; 12 March 1947) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
Canada  24–0 Finland(Oslo, Norway; 3 March 1958) | |
| Olympics | |
| Appearances | 18 (first in 1952) |
| Medals |  Gold: (2022) Silver: (1988, 2006) Bronze: (1994, 1998, 2010, 2014) |
| IIHF World Championships | |
| Appearances | 70 (first in 1939) |
| Best result |  Gold: (1995, 2011, 2019, 2022) |
| World Cup / Canada Cup | |
| Appearances | 7 (first in 1976) |
| Best result |  2nd: (2004) |
| International record (W–L–T) | |
| 692–337–156 | |
The Finnish men's national ice hockey team, nicknamed Leijonat / Lejonen ("The Lions" in Finnish and Swedish), is governed by the Finnish Ice Hockey Association. Finland is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the United States, Czechia, Russia, and Sweden.
Finland won the world championship in 2022, their fourth title after 1995, 2011 and 2019. A duo of silver medals (1988, 2006) remained the country's best Olympic result until 2022 when the Finns achieved a breakthrough by winning their first Olympic gold after defeating Russia. At the Canada/World Cup, their best achievement is also a silver medal which they won in 2004.
History
[edit]Finland's first appearance in an elite ice hockey competition was at the 1939 Ice Hockey World Championships in Switzerland. The result was a shared last place with Yugoslavia. Ten years later, Finland came to the 1949 Ice Hockey World Championships in Sweden. The Finns finished in 7th place by winning the consolation round. Finland's first appearance at the Winter Olympics occurred in 1952 in Oslo.
In the 1974 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships two players were suspended for doping. They were the Swede Ulf Nilsson and the Finn Stig Wetzell who failed a drug test for the forbidden substance ephedrine. Both players were suspended for the rest of the tournament. Nilsson failed the test after Sweden's game against Poland, which Sweden won 4–1. The game was awarded to Poland as a 5–0 forfeit. The Finn, Wetzell, failed the test after Finland's match against Czechoslovakia, which Finland won 5–2, meaning the game was awarded to Czechoslovakia as a 5–0 forfeit. The Finns were able to defeat Czechoslovakia again on the last day, which would have earned their first medal in history, if not for the points lost in the forfeited win.
Finland was close again to winning the first medal in its history at the 1986 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, when it led 4–2 in the final minute of the medal round match against Sweden. However, in the last minute of the match Anders "Masken" Carlsson first narrowed Finland's lead to one goal and then leveled the score with the help of the Finns' mistake. The match eventually ended in a 4–4 draw, meaning Finland's ranking in the tournament was fourth place.
At the 1992 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, Finland's success and silver medal came as a surprise to many Finns, as the team was not expected to much because of inexperience and the lack of success at the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics in the same year. The medal achieved in the tournament was the first World Championship medal and the second value medal after the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics, where Finland clinched a surprise silver after defeating the unmotivated USSR.
At the 1995 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, Finland achieved its first gold in international ice hockey. The Finns reached the final with a 5–0 victory over France in the quarter-finals, and a 3–0 victory over the Czech Republic in the semi-finals. In the final, Finland faced off against their hockey rivals and host of the 1995 tournament, Sweden. In the first period of the final, left wing Ville Peltonen scored a natural hat-trick, and then assisted Timo Jutila's first period goal to give Finland a 4–0 lead, on the way to an eventual 4–1 victory.
At the 1998 Olympic men's ice hockey tournament, Team Finland came away with bronze, after defeating the Canadian national team 3–2. Teemu Selänne led the tournament in goals scored (4) and total points achieved (10). The tournament was the first in which players from the National Hockey League (NHL) were released to participate, allowing national teams to be constructed using the best possible talent from each country. The 1998 Olympic tournament therefore came to be known as the Tournament of the Century.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Finland won a silver medal, coming close to winning in the final but losing 3–2 to Sweden. Finland's goaltender Antero Niittymäki was named the MVP of the tournament (with only eight goals conceded throughout the whole tournament) and Teemu Selänne was voted best forward. The format was changed from the 1998 and 2002 tournaments, to a format similar to the 1992 and 1994 tournaments. The number of teams was reduced from 14 to 12. The 12 teams were split into two groups in the preliminary stage, which followed a round robin format. Each team played the other teams in their group once. The top four teams from each group advanced to the quarter-finals.
At the 2006 IIHF World Championship, Finland achieved third place after winning the bronze medal game against Canada. Petteri Nummelin was named to the Media All-Star Team.
At the 2007 IIHF World Championship, Finland lost the final to the Canadian team. The final marked the second time that Finland and Canada met in the gold medal game of a World Championship, the first time being in 1994. Only a year before, in 2006 Finland had defeated Canada 5–0 in the bronze medal game. In 2007, Canada were looking on form, being undefeated coming into the playoff round, while Finland had registered two losses in the run-up to the finals. Rick Nash scored on the powerplay at 6:10 into the first period on a one-timer from the point from a pass by Cory Murphy off of Matthew Lombardi, to put Canada up 1–0. Near the middle of the period, Eric Staal scored in similar fashion also on the powerplay, assisted by Justin Williams, and Mike Cammalleri. 9:11 into the second period, Colby Armstrong scored to give the Canadians a 3–0 lead. This goal ended up as the game winner. Finland had some discipline difficulty in the first two periods, taking 6 minutes apiece in penalties in both periods. The Finns started to bring up the pressure in the last ten minutes, and Petri Kontiola scored a nice glove-side goal on Ward at 51:08 assisted by Ville Peltonen, to put the team on the board. With only 3 minutes left Antti Miettinen scored to bring Finland within one, 3–2. However, just one minute later Rick Nash scored on a skillful breakaway to put the game away, with Canada winning 4–2 and clinching the title. The Canadians were outshot 22–18, but their goaltender, Cam Ward, kept Canada in the game as he was solid between the pipes. They also were able to capitalize on the powerplay, which ended up being decisive in the Canadian win. Kari Lehtonen was voted Tournament's best goaltender.
At the 2008 IIHF World Championship, Finland achieved third place after winning the bronze medal game 4–0 against rivals Sweden.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Finland again came away with the bronze, winning 5–3 against Slovakia. During the tournament, Teemu Selänne became the all-time leader for points scored in the Olympics.[2][3] He notched an assist in his second game of the tournament for 37 career points, surpassing Valeri Kharlamov of the Soviet Union, Vlastimil Bubník of Czechoslovakia, and Harry Watson of Canada.[2][3]
At the 2011 IIHF World Championship, Finland won its second world title, beating the Swedish national team by a score of 6–1 in the final. As two highly ranked neighboring countries, Sweden and Finland have a long-running competitive tradition in ice hockey. Before the game, mainstream media in both countries titled the match "a dream final".[4][5] After a goalless first period, Sweden opened the game with a 1–0 goal by Magnus Pääjärvi in the second period at 27:40. Seven seconds before the period's end, Finland's Jarkko Immonen scored to tie the game 1–1. Finland took the lead early in the third period, scoring two goals at 42:35 and 43:21 by Nokelainen and Kapanen. Sweden then took a time-out with ten minutes left to play but did not manage to regroup, and Finland scored a further three goals courtesy of Janne Pesonen, Mika Pyörälä and Antti Pihlström to clinch the title.[6] Team Finland's Jarkko Immonen led the tournament in both goals and points scored, with 9 and 12 respectively.
The Finns won their third world title at the 2019 IIHF World Championship in Slovakia, and after the cancelled tournament of 2020, they reached the final in the 2021 tournament, losing to Canada in overtime.
At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Finland won the gold medal for the first time, going undefeated and beating Russia in the final.[7][8][9] This allowed them to rise to first place in the IIHF World Ranking for the first time ever. In May 2022, Finland won their fourth World Championship, beating Canada in overtime after a hard-fought game. This was the third Canada–Finland final in a row, and the first time the Finns won a medal on home ice.[10]
Tournament record
[edit]Olympic Games
[edit]
| Participations | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
World Championship
[edit]
| Participations | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 16 |
Canada Cup / World Cup
[edit]| Year | GP | W | OW | T | OL | L | GF | GA | Coach | Captain | Finish | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 5 | 1 | – | 0 | – | 4 | 16 | 42 | Lasse Heikkilä | Veli-Pekka Ketola | Round-robin | 6th |
| 1981 | 5 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 4 | 6 | 31 | Kalevi Numminen | Veli-Pekka Ketola | Round-robin | 6th |
| 1987 | 5 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 5 | 9 | 23 | Rauno Korpi | Jari Kurri | Round-robin | 6th |
| 1991 | 6 | 2 | – | 1 | – | 3 | 13 | 20 | Pentti Matikainen | Jari Kurri | Semi-final | 
|
| Year | GP | W | OW | T | OL | L | GF | GA | Coach | Captain | Finish | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 4 | 2 | – | 0 | – | 2 | 17 | 16 | Curt Lindström
|
Jari Kurri | Quarter-final | 5th |
| 2004 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 9 | Raimo Summanen | Saku Koivu | Final | 
|
| 2016 | 3 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 3 | 1 | 9 | Lauri Marjamäki | Mikko Koivu | Group stage | 8th |
| 2028 | – |
| Participations | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Euro Hockey Tour
[edit]- 1996–97 – Finished in
- 1997–98 – Finished in
- 1998–99 – Finished in
- 1999–00 – Finished in
- 2000–01 – Finished in
- 2001–02 – Finished in
- 2002–03 – Finished in
- 2003–04 – Finished in
- 2004–05 – Finished in
- 2005–06 – Finished in
- 2006–07 – Finished in 4th place
- 2007–08 – Finished in
- 2008–09 – Finished in
- 2009–10 – Finished in
- 2010–11 – Finished in
- 2011–12 – Finished in
- 2012–13 – Finished in
- 2013–14 – Finished in
- 2014–15 – Finished in
- 2015–16 – Finished in
- 2016–17 – Finished in
- 2017–18 – Finished in
- 2018–19 – Finished in
- 2019–20 – Finished in
- 2020–21 – Finished in 4th place
- 2021–22 – Finished in
- 2022–23 – Finished in
- 2023–24 – Finished in
- 2024–25 –
EHT Medal table
[edit]| Gold | Silver | Bronze | Medals |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | 9 | 8 | 26 |
Tournament summary
[edit]- Karjala Tournament:
- Channel One Cup / Izvestia Trophy:
- Sweden Hockey Games:
- Czech Hockey Games:
- Swiss Ice Hockey Games:
Finland's Euro Hockey Tour (EHT) Cup medal table
[edit]| Tournament | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Medals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karjala Tournament | 13 | 9 | 3 | 25 |
| Channel One Cup | 3 | 10 | 17 | 30 |
| Sweden Hockey Games | 8 | 4 | 7 | 19 |
| Czech Hockey Games | 7 | 7 | 6 | 20 |
| Swiss Ice Hockey Games | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Total | 31 | 31 | 34 | 96 |
Euro Hockey Challenge
[edit]Other tournaments
[edit]- NHL 4 Nations Face-Off:
- Deutschland Cup: Gold medal (1990)
- Nissan Cup: Gold medal (1989, 1994)
- Spengler Cup: Silver medal (1975)
Current roster
[edit]Roster for the 2024 IIHF World Championship.[11][12]
Head coach: Jukka Jalonen
| No. | Pos. | Name | Height | Weight | Birthdate | Team |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | D | Rasmus Rissanen | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) | 98 kg (216 lb) | 13 July 1991 | Örebro HK
|
| 3 | D | Olli Määttä – A | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | 89 kg (196 lb) | 22 August 1994 |  Detroit Red Wings
|
| 4 | D | Mikko Lehtonen – A | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 89 kg (196 lb) | 16 January 1994 |  ZSC Lions
|
| 7 | D | Oliwer Kaski | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | 89 kg (196 lb) | 4 September 1995 | HV71
|
| 12 | F | Jere Innala | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | 83 kg (183 lb) | 17 March 1998 | Frölunda HC
|
| 13 | F | Jesse Puljujärvi | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 93 kg (205 lb) | 7 May 1998 | Pittsburgh Penguins
|
| 15 | F | Juha Jääskä | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | 89 kg (196 lb) | 9 February 1998 | HIFK Helsinki
|
| 18 | D | Vili Saarijärvi | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) | 78 kg (172 lb) | 15 May 1997 | SCL Tigers
|
| 19 | F | Konsta Helenius | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 82 kg (181 lb) | 11 May 2006 | Mikkelin Jukurit
|
| 21 | F | Patrik Puistola | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 82 kg (181 lb) | 11 January 2001 | Mikkelin Jukurit
|
| 24 | F | Hannes Björninen | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 91 kg (201 lb) | 19 October 1995 | Örebro HK
|
| 25 | F | Pekka Jormakka | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 14 September 1990 | Mikkelin Jukurit
|
| 27 | F | Oliver Kapanen | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | 81 kg (179 lb) | 29 July 2003 | KalPa Kuopio
|
| 29 | G | Harri Säteri | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 29 December 1989 | EHC Biel
|
| 30 | G | Lassi Lehtinen | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 25 February 1999 | MoDo Hockey
|
| 33 | G | Emil Larmi | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | 84 kg (185 lb) | 28 September 1996 | Växjö Lakers
|
| 38 | D | Veli-Matti Vittasmäki | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 87 kg (192 lb) | 3 July 1990 | Tappara
|
| 48 | F | Valtteri Puustinen | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | 83 kg (183 lb) | 4 June 1999 | Pittsburgh Penguins
|
| 50 | D | Juuso Riikola | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | 86 kg (190 lb) | 9 November 1993 | SCL Tigers
|
| 57 | F | Arttu Hyry | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | 97 kg (214 lb) | 6 April 2001 | Oulun Kärpät
|
| 62 | D | Jesper Mattila | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 9 October 1997 | KalPa Kuopio
|
| 64 | F | Mikael Granlund – C | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) | 84 kg (185 lb) | 26 February 1992 | San Jose Sharks
|
| 71 | F | Ahti Oksanen | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 98 kg (216 lb) | 10 March 1993 | IK Oskarshamn
|
| 80 | F | Saku Mäenalanen | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | 94 kg (207 lb) | 29 May 1994 | SCL Tigers
|
| 81 | F | Iiro Pakarinen | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 25 August 1991 | HIFK Helsinki
|
Uniform evolution
[edit]- National team jerseys
-
1988 Olympic jerseys -
1992 Olympic jerseys -
1994 Olympic jerseys -
IIHF jerseys 1998–2004 -
2010 Olympic jerseys -
2014 Olympic jerseys -
2014–2017 IIHF jerseys -
2016 World Cup of hockey jerseys -
2018 Olympic jerseys -
2018–2021 IIHF jerseys -
2022 Olympic jerseys -
2022–present IIHF jerseys
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Retired jerseys
[edit]
| No. | Player | Position | Career | Year of retirement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | Timo Jutila | D | 1979–1999 | 2018 |
| 8 | Teemu Selänne | RW | 1987–2014 | 2015 |
| 11 | Saku Koivu | C | 1992–2014 | 2015 |
| 14 | Raimo Helminen | C | 1982–2008 | 2010 |
| 16 | Ville Peltonen | LW | 1991–2014 | 2015 |
| 17 | Jari Kurri | RW | 1977–1998 | 2007 |
| 26 | Jere Lehtinen | RW | 1992–2010 | 2015 |
| 44 | Kimmo Timonen | D | 1991–2015 | 2018 |
Notable players
[edit]- Keijo Kuusela 1948–1952
- Aarne Honkavaara 1948–1952
- Unto Wiitala 1949–1957
- Teppo Rastio 1954–1962
- Raimo Kilpiö 1957–1967
- Heino Pulli 1958–1965
- Matti Keinonen 1962–1973
- Urpo Ylönen 1963–1978
- Lasse Oksanen 1964–1977
- Lalli Partinen 1965–1973
- Esa Peltonen 1967–1980
- Veli-Pekka Ketola 1968–1981
- Heikki Riihiranta 1970–1976
- Juhani Tamminen 1970–1982
- Pekka Rautakallio 1972–1983
- Matti Hagman 1975–1987
- Reijo Ruotsalainen 1978–1989
- Kari Eloranta 1979–1992
- Jari Kurri 1979–1998
- Hannu Kamppuri 1981–1987
- Ilkka Sinisalo 1981–1983
- Petri Skriko 1982–1992
- Christian Ruuttu 1984–1996
- Timo Jutila 1983–1997
- Raimo Helminen 1983–2008
- Timo Blomqvist 1985–1992
- Jukka Tammi 1985–1998
- Esa Tikkanen 1985–2000
- Markus Ketterer 1987–1996
- Jarmo Myllys 1987–2001
- Janne Ojanen 1987–2002
- Teppo Numminen 1987–2006
- Jyrki Lumme 1988–2002
- Mika Nieminen 1991–1998
- Teemu Selänne 1991–2014
- Jere Lehtinen 1992–2010
- Saku Koivu 1993–2010
- Sami Kapanen 1994–2010
- Ville Peltonen 1994–2012
- Ari Sulander 1995–2003
- Janne Niinimaa 1995–2009
- Petteri Nummelin 1995–2010
- Kimmo Timonen 1996–2014
- Olli Jokinen 1997–2014
- Jarkko Ruutu 1998–2010
- Jere Karalahti 1998–2014
- Miikka Kiprusoff 1999–2010
- Sami Salo 2001–2014
- Niklas Hagman 2002–2013
- Ville Nieminen 2002–2006
- Mikko Koivu 2003–2016
- Jussi Jokinen 2003–2016
- Tuomo Ruutu 2004–2015
- Pekka Rinne 2004–2016
- Tuukka Rask 2005–2016
- Antti Pihlström 2008–
- Leo Komarov 2009–
- Valtteri Filppula 2010–
- Mikael Granlund 2010–
- Marko Anttila 2011–2023
- Teuvo Teräväinen 2012–
- Aleksander Barkov Jr. 2013–
- Olli Määttä 2014–
- Erik Haula 2014–
- Juuse Saros 2014–
- Sebastian Aho 2015–
- Mikko Rantanen 2015–
- Patrik Laine 2016–
- Sakari Manninen 2018–
- Eeli Tolvanen 2018–
- Miro Heiskanen 2018–
- Kaapo Kakko 2019–
- Juho Olkinuora 2019–
- Anton Lundell 2021–
List of head coaches
[edit]- Erkki Saarinen 1939–1941
- Risto Lindroos 1945–1946
- Henry Kvist 1946–1949
- Risto Lindroos 1950–1954
- Aarne Honkavaara 1954–1959
- Joe Wirkkunen 1959–1960
- Derek Holmes 1960–1961
- Joe Wirkkunen 1961–1966
- Augustin "Gustav" Bubník 1966–1969
- Seppo Liitsola 1969–1972
- Len Lunde 1972–1973
- Kalevi Numminen 1973–1974
- Seppo Liitsola 1974–1976
- Lasse Heikkilä 1976–1977
- Kalevi Numminen 1977–1982
- Alpo Suhonen 1982–1986
- Rauno Korpi 1986–1987
- Pentti Matikainen 1987–1993
- Curt Lindström 1993–1997
- Hannu Aravirta 1997–2003
- Raimo Summanen 2003–2004
- Erkka Westerlund 2004–2007
- Doug Shedden 2007–2008
- Jukka Jalonen 2008–2013
- Erkka Westerlund 2013–2014
- Kari Jalonen 2014–2016[13]
- Lauri Marjamäki 2016–18[14]
- Jukka Jalonen 2018–2024[15]
References
[edit]- ^ "IIHF Men's World Ranking". IIHF. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ a b "Ice hockey: Selanne sets Olympic scoring record". Vancouver. 19 February 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ a b "Selanne's 37th point tops Games mark". ESPN. Associated Press. 20 February 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ Anrell, Lasse (14 May 2011). "Drömfinal". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ "Jääkiekossa unelmafinaali Leijonat–Tre Kronor". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Aykroyd, Lucas (15 May 2011). "It's gold for Finland!". IIHF. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Blinder, Alan (19 February 2022). "Finland beats Russia, 2-1, for the gold in men's hockey". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Ellis, Steven (20 February 2022). "Finland Defeats ROC to Win Men's Olympic Hockey Gold". The Hockey News. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "Finland claims first-ever hockey gold at Beijing Olympics". Yle News. 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Podnieks, Andrew (29 May 2022). "Finland does it!". IIHF.com. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "MM-kisat käyntiin perjantaina - A-maajoukkue Prahaan tällä kokoonpanolla" (in Finnish). leijonat.fi. 5 May 2024.
- ^ "Team roster: Finland" (PDF). iihf.com. 10 May 2024.
- ^ "Jalonen Leijonien seuraava päävalmentaja". mtv3.fi (in Finnish). 7 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
- ^ "IS: Marjamäki on Leijonien uusi päävalmentaja". mtv3.fi (in Finnish). 28 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ "Jukka Jalonen palaa Leijonien päävalmentajaksi". iltalehti.fi (in Finnish). 4 October 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
External links
[edit]
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